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Coastal Engineering and Surveying
 Shore
Crossings for Pipe Installations
Coastal Engineering analysis of
waves, currents, soil conditions and sand transport are an integral part of
Makai's numerous pipe projects.
Beach Erosion Analysis
Makai performed a beach erosion
analysis for the State of Hawaii, Coastal Zone Management. More than seventy
miles of Hawaiian beaches were analyzed for erosion and acretion over the past
thirty to forty years. Makai used over 500 historical aerial photographs
combined with recent aerial flights and site visits to determine the long term
dynamics of these beaches. The emphasis of the program was to very accurately
locate present and historical shorelines within the state's coordinate system.
By developing a digitizing
process and software to precisely analyze aerial photographs correcting for
distortion, rotation, scale, focal length, and camera tilt; the historical
shorelines were located within the Hawaii State Grid System to an accuracy of a
few feet. The final product was a published 200 page atlas with maps,
photographs, and graphs for each beach: Aerial Photograph Analysis of Coastal
Erosion on the Islands of Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii, 1991. The
maps and digitized data were also provided to the State in ArcInfo for
inclusion in Hawaii's GIS system.
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